In this article we discuss the anatomy of the brainstem and highlight the features and landmarks that are important in interpreting magnetic resonance imaging.Ĭopyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. Nowadays, current magnetic resonance imaging techniques, although still macroscopic, allow the fine internal structure of the brainstem to be viewed directly and make it possible to locate the main intrinsic structures that justify the symptoms of the patient. Brain Stem The Survival State represents the primal brain and asks the question, Am I safe The only way to soothe the Survival State is through the creation of Safety. In addition, white and gray matters were. The knowledge of precise anatomical localization of a lesion affecting the brainstem is crucial in neurological diagnosis and, on this basis, is essential to be familiar with the location of the mayor tracts and nuclei appropriately. The models comprised not only cerebrum and skull but also cerebellum, brain stem, CSF, and corpus callosum. The tectum, formed by the quadrigeminal plate and the medullary velum, contains no cranial nuclei, no tracts and no reticular formation. All the somatosensory tracts run upward to the thalamus crossing the tegmentum in front of the cranial nerve nuclei. The cranial nerve nuclei are settled into the middle layer (the tegmentum), just in front of the 4th ventricle and are placed, from medial to lateral, on the basis of their function: somatic motor, visceral motor, visceral sensory, and somatic sensory. The motor pathway runs down through the basis, which is located at the most anterior part. The internal structure of brainstem, although complex, presents a systematical arrangement and is organized in 3 laminae (tectum, tegmentum, and basis), which extend its entire length. The white matter consists of fiber tracts (axons of neuronal cells) passing down from the cerebral cortex-important for voluntary motor function-and up from peripheral nerves and the spinal cord-where somatosensory pathways travel-to the highest parts of the brain. The gray matter of the brainstem (neuronal cell bodies) is found in clumps and clusters throughout the brainstem to form the cranial nerve nuclei, the reticular formation, and pontine nuclei. The Cerebellum Controls and coordinates movements of the muscles. The brain gives us self-awareness and the ability to speak and move in the world. It also integrates sensory impulses and information to form perceptions, thoughts, and memories. The brain directs our body’s internal functions. The brainstem contains both white and gray matter. Rotate this 3D model to see the four major regions of the brain: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem. It serves as the connection between the cerebral hemispheres with the medulla and the cerebellum and is responsible for basic vital functions, such as breathing, heartbeat blood pressure, control of consciousness, and sleep. 1 In the human brain the brainstem is composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The brainstem has an ectodermal origin and is composed of 4 parts: the diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior stalk-like part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord.
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